B ­ 1
Annex 3a: Revisions to the Project Brief per the STAP Reviewer's Comments
The STAP reviewer's comments contained a number of helpful observations concerning the
project brief. The following additions and modifications have been made to the brief as a result of the
comments.
1. Overall Impression
The suggestion concerning increased emphasis on transboundary pollution has been incorporated into
the brief. Components 1 and 7 of the new project have been revised to specifically include activities
(paragraphs 25, 28 and 45) to cover this issue.
All eleven countries involved in the GEF pilot-phase project have expressed their willingness to
participate in the new project. All nine countries that are eligible for GEF-support have now officially
endorsed the new project (please see section 5 of the cover page). Three additional countries not eligible
for GEF funding (Brunei Darussalam, Japan and Singapore) have expressed interest in participating in the
regional project.
2. Relevance and Priority
As suggested, CITES has now been included as one of the key international conventions requiring
regional commitment (paragraphs 20 and 44).
3. Project Approach
Noting the reviewer's concern about the adequacy of coverage of the many and various environmental
issues and concerns in the East Asian Seas, the revised project brief clarifies the scale at which the project
activities will be implemented, and the supporting strategies (paragraphs 8 and 12). Paragraph 25
identifies the manner in which the project will provide coverage of the major environmental and
sustainable development issues of the region. Paragraph 28 outlines the procedure to be applied to
overcome barriers to effective management of sub-regional sea areas and environmental hot spots.
Regarding the investment component of the project, paragraphs 33, 34 and 35 have been revised to
emphasize the steps that will be implemented in order to identify, and gain support for "bankable"
projects. A linkage between the financial advantage of projects, and the environmental benefits available,
is achievable through feasibility analyses (paragraph 35), which include both financial and economic
(direct and indirect) assessments.
4. Objectives
The STAP reviewer provided a number of perspectives on the general and specific objectives of the
project. Sections of the brief have been revised to clarify the objective, scope and rationale in establishing
a regional mechanism (paragraphs 11, 44, 45 and 46). In addition, Annex 2 has been revised to include
the critical assumptions noted by the STAP reviewer concerning risks to investors, the existence of NGOs
in participating countries and the development of coastal policy.

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B ­ 2
5. Background and Justification
Because of space limitations, the project brief does not go into detail on the historical and ongoing work
in the region as a consequence of bilateral and multilateral initiatives, as noted by the reviewer.
Paragraph 19 now refers to the general efforts undertaken, and their focus. Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 and
Annexes 1, 6 and 8 contain information on the various regional environmental issues and concerns.
6. Critical Analysis of the Situation
The reviewer recognizes that the amount of funding for the project is not adequate for solving the
problem of marine pollution reduction and control throughout the region. As stated in revised
paragraph 12, it is the incremental but cumulative exponential benefits of the project that will contribute
substantially to the regional and global improvement of the marine environment. This will take time,
certainly beyond the life of the project, and is part of the rationale for establishing a sustainable regional
mechanism.
7. Activities
The selection of representative ICM sites is an important step in the project, as noted by the reviewer.
Paragraph 25 has been revised to include a list of ICM sites that provide the broad spectrum of
environmental issues and conflicting uses of resources that are characteristic of the region. Further, as
noted by the reviewer, environmental investment and sharing of monitoring data do raise some very
practical problems. The fact that each of these activities will be implemented at the local level
(paragraphs 35 and 38) improves the manageability of the problem, and demonstrates successful working
models that others can then replicate.
8. National Priorities and Community Participation
The principal concerns and perspectives of participating countries does indeed vary, as stated by the
reviewer. Paragraph 51 has been modified to reflect this point, as has the selection of ICM demonstration
sites (paragraph 25) and sub-regional sea areas (paragraph 28).
Paragraph 40 has been modified to include the reviewer's suggestions concerning building awareness
among the student population. In paragraph 46, it is noted that a working group of key players in the
region will be organized to ensure linkage of projects and sharing of expertise.
9. Institutional Arrangements
The role of existing scientific institutions in the development and sustainability of the regional
mechanism is of paramount importance, as noted by the reviewer. Components 1, 2 and 3 have been
revised to highlight elements that require backstopping by the region's scientific institutions. Further, as
part of the regional mechanism, paragraph 45 refers to a regional marine resource facility which will
serve as a node for regional networks, including a network of scientific and technical institutions
(paragraph 50).

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B ­ 3
10. Time Frame
The time frame for the project is limited, as noted by the reviewer. However, the experience of the GEF
pilot phase and the support of the participating countries does reduce the risk of failure to achieve the
stated objectives (paragraph 48).
11. Funding
A detailed budget for the project will be developed and presented in the project document, as requested
by the reviewer.
12. Innovative Features/Replicability
As stated by the reviewer, there is nothing really "new" in the project, if considers the initiative from the
perspective of seven individual components. The innovative aspect of the project is the setting up and
packaging of a regional mechanism (Component 7); a mechanism in which all participating countries are
able to provide input and add value to the regional objectives of marine and coastal resource and
environmental management. Looking at the project as an integrated, comprehensive, step-wise
evolutionary process leading to a sustainable regional mechanism, involving both the public and private
sectors of society, the innovativeness becomes apparent.
13. Sustainability
As noted by the reviewer, the sustainability of the project depends on the national government
commitment. National government commitment to improving marine and coastal resource and
environmental management is already evident in Table 1 and Annexes 1 and 5. The regional mechanism,
Component 7, provides a focus and means of coordinating national efforts, thereby enhancing the
efficiency and effectiveness of individual country undertakings. In addition, as noted in paragraph 49
and 50, the involvement of the private sector, inter-governmental financial institutions, investors and
commercial banks is also a key element of sustainability, as demonstrated during the GEF pilot phase.
14. Development Dimensions and Rationale for GEF Support
Paragraph 45 has been upgraded to reflect the comments of the reviewer concerning the establishment
and scope of the regional mechanism.

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B ­ 4
Annex 4.
Final independent evaluation of the Regional Programme for the Prevention
and Management of Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas (RAS/92/G34)
The final evaluation was undertaken by Angel Alcala, Brian Davy and Olof Linden from 3 to 16 August
1998. The team visited the project sites at Xiamen People's Republic of China and Batangas Republic of
the Philippines. Staff from the Straits of Malacca project visited Manila to brief the evaluation team. Full
briefings were given by the PDMO in Manila including provision of all relevant project documents.
Demonstration Projects
The evaluation team found that this project has demonstrated the practical application of ICM at the two
sites in the region. Strategically, the evaluation team felt that China and the Philippines were the best
initial country choices. In both countries, the chosen sites had put in place functional management
structures, including the Marine Management Coordination Group of Xiamen Government and Batangas
Bay Integrated Coastal Management Council.
The final evaluation determined that capacity building has been effectively undertaken through training
courses, internships, study tours, etc. The demonstration sites provided clear models of ICM in operation
for managers, technical staff and decision-makers. PDMO has played a catalytic role in the design of this
capacity building in the programme by effectively utilizing the advantages of integrated management
structures in the demonstration sites ("The ICM approach").
The strong political will and awareness of the value of ICM evident in both demonstration sites
impressed the evaluation team. The fact that the local government leaders have taken ownership of these
activities should ensure long-term sustainability of this approach.
The ICM concept is already replicated in China (Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi) and soon in the
Philippines (Masinloc Bay, Luzon; Ormoc Bay, Visayas; and Macajalar Bay, Mindanao). This will provide
an important base for expansion in the follow-on Phase reflecting the different socio-economic, political,
cultural and ecological features of the region.
Concerns were voiced regarding the financial limitation of the existing and future ICM sites
especially in the case of Batangas. The evaluation team considers that this problem will require
a stronger proactive approach, including awareness building at higher government levels and
the application of the "polluter pays" principle on polluters. It is essential that the local
government which will normally bear the cost of environmental management be adequately
compensated and supported by central government or resources obtained from local sources.
Presently there are a few minor staffing problems at the project sites but the evaluation team expects that
these problems will increase in the future as the project expands to other sites using mainly staff under
local government compensation schemes. Continued emphasis on further capacity building coupled
with specific incentives to keep high quality staff working in the demonstration sites will be necessary.
The evaluation team also determined that most of the projected activities, as outlined in the
work plan should be completed on schedule particularly as the programme has been extended
for another six months.
The Malacca Straits project has an inherently different approach and it covers land-based and ship-based
pollution risk assessment and risk management including oil spills. These are transboundary issues that
concern the three littoral states. The development of a fully functional interactive database will likely
extend to the June 1999 programme completion date. The development of the electronic highway concept
looks promising but details will only be available after the conference planned for April 1999 in Malaysia.

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B ­ 5
Pollution Monitoring and Information Management
Pollution monitoring programs are already operational in Xiamen and Batangas (the two ICM
demonstration sites) and the evaluation team was impressed that the results were being used for
management purposes. The database development and inter-calibration activities both nationally and
regionally have made important progress in improving the quantity and partly the quality of the
available data. However, more effort is required to produce cost-effective high quality data sets focused
on specific management goals. The evaluation team also noted that the development of databases with
longer than 10-year time frames will likely be required for many management purposes. National
governments will need to give careful thought to the requirements for establishing and maintaining such
databases.
According to the evaluation tram, some progress has already been made in the development of the
pollution monitoring information management network but regional sharing of data is still somewhat
problematic for a number of participating countries.
The evaluation team also reported that capacity building is critically important, and training workshops
and inter-calibration exercises have been effectively used to improve the quality of pollution monitoring;
however, they suggest that this will require continuing priority support.
International Conventions
The evaluation team concluded that the project has been successful in increasing the awareness (among
the 11 nations) of the importance of the marine related international conventions. They noted that several
countries have now ratified an increasing number of conventions based on the guidance of the
programme. This is noteworthy considering the difficulties in dealing with the higher levels of
government. In addition, the programme has played an important role in assisting legal staff in the
participating countries in the process of national legislation review including preparation of national
guidelines on model legislation.
Sustainable Financing
The tram also noted that the project has made progress in developing concepts and approaches for
sustainable financing mechanisms involving private sector-public sector partnerships focusing on solid
waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste and ship-borne waste. Particularly in Batangas, private sector
involvement has been effectively developed with promising modular initiatives underway for treatment
of some of this waste. China presents a special case where the public sector-private sector partnership is
blurred but waste treatment programs have effectively been put in place by the Xiamen authorities.
Progress since the Mid-term Evaluation
In general, the evaluation team believes that the recommendations of the Mid-term Evaluation are being
effectively implemented and should be completed within the scheduled extension period of June 1999, if
not earlier. Similarly, the activities of the specified 1998 work plan appear to be on schedule. Financial
delivery as of June 1998 was 80.03%. The evaluation team understood that the remaining budget is
already programmed and will be expanded before the end of June 1999.
General Conclusions
The evaluation team concluded that this programme has made substantial progress towards meeting its
objectives and should complete all projected activities on schedule. The evaluation team also emphasized
the critical importance this programme played in operationalizing the ICM concept in the region.
However, given the diversity of conditions in this region, the evaluation team believes that continued

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B ­ 6
support will be required to further test this concept in the differing mix of socio-economic, political,
cultural and ecological setting of the region.
Recommendations
The evaluation team made the following recommendations:
(a)
To the participating governments
The Programme has developed useful working models on ICM application for addressing land-
based pollution resource use conflicts. In addition, effective risk assessment methodologies and
risk management approaches for addressing marine pollution in the Straits of Malacca has also
been developed.
The evaluation team recommended that the participating countries adopt ICM approaches for
marine pollution prevention and management and replicate the working models by
establishing national and parallel sites and take advantage of the legal network and technical
expertise in the project for ratification and implementation of the marine-related international
conventions. In addition, countries should actively participate in the activities of the regional
networks developed or being developed by the project, especially the regional network on
environmental monitoring and its related database development.
(b)
To GEF and UNDP
There is a clear need for the development of adequate national and regional capability for
effective management of the coastal areas. The evaluation team agreed that this capability
needs to build on the existing governmental and non-governmental organizations but in a new
mode of inter-sectoral partnerships. This is the ICM approach, the foundation for which has
been effectively laid by the present project. They also recommended that GEF and UNDP
examine how to make ICM activities key for the wider Asian region and then globally for all
related ICM projects supported by GEF.
(c)
To IMO
In view of the successful implementation of the pilot phase programme by PDMO and the
demonstrated management capability of the project staff, the evaluation team recommended
that the executing agency allow more operational flexibility to the PDMO especially in terms of
increasing the maximal limits for contracts, subcontracts, other service contracts and purchase
orders. In addition, the evaluation team recommended that IMO provide timely administrative
support to ensure smooth operation of the programme until its completion in June, 1999.
Finally the evaluation team suggest that IMO review the present personnel compensation
scheme for both international and local hired staff to determine whether a competitive package
is being offered to meet the needs of all staff.
(d)
To Host Government/Institution
The evaluation teamed determined that the host institution has provided critically important
office space, facilities, local counterpart staff and logistic support, all of which have enabled the
smooth operation of the PDMO. In meetings with the Secretary of Department of Environment
and Natural Resources, full support was promised for a follow on programme. The evaluation

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B ­ 7
team also recommended that the host government/institution confirm in writing its intention to
continue this support at an expanded level in the follow on project. The evaluation team noted
the planned three-fold expansion of project activities, staff and budget of the follow on project.
(e)
To PDMO
In addition to its role in implementing action of this complex programme, the evaluation team
highlighted:
1. The need to put in place a continued support programme for demonstration sites moving from
programme support to national operation. This support should include continued capacity building
as well as access to back-up technical support such as conference/workshop attendance, consultant
guidance, publications, etc.

2. As the programme moves from a focus on marine pollution to a wider series of critical issues
impacting on coastal and marine development, a more broadly based approach will be needed and
planning for this should start soon. This shift should include the development of a comprehensive
staffing plan with emphasis on hiring certain staff with backgrounds in the social sciences.
3. As noted in several parts of the final evaluation report, considerable funding has been allocated to
training and capacity building. The evaluation team recommended a detailed review of the impacts
(and problems) of this capacity building support, subject to the availability of funding. Suggested
components could include tracer studies, trainee-trainer and awareness building components.
******

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B ­ 8
Annex 5. Baseline activities and investments in requesting countries of the
East Asian Seas Region.
Budget Breakdown
Project/Program
Total
National
Donor
Relation to
Budget
(US$)
(US$)
Project
1999-2003
Component
(US$)
Cambodia
1 Resource inventory of mangroves (1999)
204,369
204,369
Component 4
Sub-Total
204,369
204,369
People's Republic of China*
1 Nation-wide baseline marine pollution
1,500,000
1,250,000
250,000
Component 1
investigation (1997-2000)
2 Large-scale marine functional zonation
610,000
610,000
Component 1
program (1998-2000)
3 Total pollutant load control program
800,000
60,000
740,000
Component 1
(1998-2000)
4 Promotion of institution on sea utilization 130,000
130,000
Component 6
(1998-1999)
5 Key technologies for utilization and
2,200,000
1,590,000
610,000
Component 3
forecast on environment and resources
(1998-2000)
6 ICM parallel sites (1998-2000)
550,000
550,000
Component 1
7 Marine pollution monitoring, SOA
16,500,000
16,500,000
Component 3
(projected 5 years from 1999)
8 Coastal and marine policy development,
1,500,000
1,500,000
Component 6
SOA (projected 5 years from 1999)
9 ICM, SOA (projected 5 years from 1999)
7,500,000
7,500,000
Component 1
10 Sustainable development of coastal
16,667,000
8,333,500
8,333,500
Component 1
resources (1999-2004) with WB
11 ICM and development in Bohai Sea and
15,000,000
7,500,000
7,500,000
Component 1
Yellow Sea (1990-2010) with ADB
12 Marine environmental survey of Yalu
1,300,000
650,000
650,000
Component 3
River estuary (1999) with UNDP
13 Marine pollution moni-toring system
18,000,000
9,000,000
9,000,000
Component 1
(1999-2001) with Norway
14 Oil prevention, SOA (projected 5 years
600,000
600,000
Component 1
from 1999)
15 Ocean dumping mana-gement, SOA
4,600,000
4,600,000
Component 1
(projected 5 years from 1999)
16 Marine environmental research, SOA
1,150,000
1,150,000
Component 3
(projected 5 years from 1999)
17 Implementation of interna-tional
750,000
750,000
Component 7
conventions, SOA (projected 5 years from
1999)

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B ­ 9
Sub-Total
89,357,000
60,983,500 28,373,500
Annex 5 cont'd
Budget Breakdown
Project/Program
Total
National
Donor
Relation to
Budget
(US$)
(US$)
Project
1999-2003
Component
(US$)
Indonesia
1 Collaborative environmental project,
789,000
789,000
Component 1
CEPI (1998-2000)
2 Marine resource mana-gement and
50,000,000
50,000,000
Component 1
planning (1999-2003)
3 Optimization of coral reefs management
35,000,000
6,000,000
29,000,000
Component 1
and sustainable use (1999-2001)
4 OSPAR equipment maintenance and
408,000
408,000
Component 1
exercise (projected 5 years from 1999)
5 Hazardous waste treatment, operation
37,500,000
37,500,000
Component 1
and maintenance (1999-2003)
6 Coastal resources management project
8,600,000
8,600,000
Component 1
(1996-2003) with USAID
Sub-Total
132,297,000 43,908,000 88,389,000
Malaysia
1 Pollution monitoring program (projected
1,184,000
1,184,000
Component 3
5 years from 1999)
2 Maintenance of oil spill equipment
1,914,000
1,914,000
Component 1
(projected 5 years from 1999)
3 Environmental impact assessment
109,000
109,000
Component 4
(projected 5 years from 1999)
4 Hazardous waste treatment (projected 5
12,755,102
12,755,102
Component 1
years from 1999)
5 Implementation of international
222,000
222,000
Component 7
conventions (projected 5 years from 1999)
Sub-Total
16,184,102
16,184,102
Philippines
1 ASEAN-Australia CZ environmental and 17,000
17,000
Component 6
resource management (1995-1999)
2 Natural resources management program
7,858,000
7,858,000
Component 1
II (coastal) (1996-2003) with USAID
3 Southern Mindanao ICZM project (1999-
24,250,000
24,250,000
Component 1
2004)
4 Fisheries sector programme Phase II
86,000,000
86,000,000
Component 1
(1999-2003) with ADB
5 Bais Bay development (1994-1999)
26,000
26,000
Component 1
6 Coastal environment program (projected
9,675,000
9,675,000
Component 1
5 years from 1999) with DENR

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B ­ 10
7 Marine pollution monitoring (projected 5
4,070,000
4,070,000
Component 3
years from 1999) with DENR (EMB)

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B ­ 11
Annex 5 cont'd
Budget Breakdown
Project/Program
Total
National
Donor
Relation to
Budget
(US$)
(US$)
Project
1999-2003
Component
(US$)
8 Philippine Environment Endowment
5,112,500
5,112,500
Component 5
Fund; NGO support
9 Environmental impact assessment
635,000
635,000
Component 4
(projected 5 years from 1999) with DENR
10 Marine environment research (projected
150,000
150,000
Component 3
5 years from 1999) with DENR
11 Integrated regional management of Sulu- 252,000
252,000
Component 6
Sulawesi LME (1997-1999)
Sub-Total
138,045,500 14,782,000 123,263,500
Thailand
1 Agenda 21 (1994-1999)
850,000
850,000
Component 7
2 Anti-pollution vessel, operation and
1,141,000
1,141,000
Component 1
maintenance cost HD (1999-2003)
3 Training on oil pollution, HD (1999-2003)
56,000
56,000
Component 1
4 Marine pollution monitoring, OEPP and
2,799,500
2,799,500
Component 3
HD (projected 5 years from 1999)
5 ICM, OEPP (projected 5 years from 1999)
421,880
421,880
Component 1
6 Marine environment research, DOF
14,393,000
14,393,000
Component 3
(projected 5 years from 1999)
7 Hazardous waste management, DIW
40,000,000
40,000,000
Component 1
(projected 5 years from 1999)
Sub-Total
59,661,380
58,811,380 850,000
Vietnam
1 Industrial and urban pollution
3,750,000
3,750,000
Component 1
prevention for coastal cities of Vungtau and
Haiphong, World Bank (1998-2007)
Sub-total
3,750,000
3,750,000
Regional Programs
1 Revolving fund for the Malacca Straits
400,000
400,000
Component 2
Sub-Total
400,000
400,000
Grand Total (US$)
439,899,351 194,668,98 245,230,369
2
*estimate by the Global Waste Survey Report (IMO 1995) for China is 48.84 mt of treated
hazardous waste, about 6.34 million tons are generated from the coastal zone (assume CZ is
13% of total land area) amounting to about 1.5 billion USD at 250 USD per ton.

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B ­ 12
Annex 6. Root Causes and Expected Options
Issues/Problems
Proximate Causes
Root Causes
Baseline Course of Actions
Alternative Course of Actions
Over exploitation/decline of
Population growth;
Free- access; Economic
Implement sectoral fisheries
Apply integrated coastal management
coastal fisheries.
Weak enforcement of fishing
marginalization of small-scale
development programs;
(ICM) approach; Coastal and marine
regulations;
fishers;
Strengthen institutional
policy to include open access issues;
High profits.
High consumption rate;
capacity in fisheries
Increase knowledge base on fisheries
Inadequate policies and/or legal
management;
resources; Integrate fisheries as part of
framework at the national and local
Implement projects on
subregional sea management.
levels;
alternative livelihood projects
Low institutional capacity and
among fishing communities.
arrangements of fisheries resources.
Degradation and destruction
Inadequate regulations;
Low public awareness;
Regulatory control and
Implement national programs and
(conversion and modification) of
Weak enforcement of existing
Inadequate policies and/or legal
protection of some habitats;
projects on biodiversity conservation;
coastal and marine habitats (e.g.,
regulations;
framework at the national and local
Some countries implement
Develop coastal and marine policy;
mangroves; coral reefs; and
Absence of integrated water and
levels;
community based
Promote community-based
seagrass beds).
land use zone plan;
Inadequate or poor institutional
management; Set up protected
management among coastal
Population growth with
capacity and arrangements in the
areas and nature reserves;
populations; Strengthen institutional
spatial/economic marginalization;
management of natural resources;
National commission on
capacity and arrangements in ICM;
High profits.
High consumption rate such as for
mangroves to provide
Implement habitat restoration
export.
guidance to government;
programs.
reforestation and buffer zone;
Enhance public awareness on
the importance of the coastal
and marine environment
Loss or imminent loss of
High profits;
High consumption rate, particularly
Establish legislation to protect
Ratify and implement international
endangered (e.g., endemic and
Inadequate regulations;
for exotic species; Demand for
endangered species;
conventions on biodiversity; Implement
rare species) and threatened
Weak enforcement of existing
biotechnology; Unsustainable land
Public awareness campaign;
national programs and projects on
species.
regulations;
use practices, especially upland
Establish protected areas.
biodiversity conservation; Increase
Destruction or degradation of
agriculture and logging;
knowledge base on trades on
habitats;
Inadequate policies and/or legal
endangered species; enhance public
Overexploitation of resources;
framework at the national and local
awareness on the importance of the
Deforestation and land degradation.
levels;
coastal and marine environment.
Inadequate or poor institutional
capacity and arrangements;
Low public awareness.

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B ­ 13
Annex 6 (Continued)
Issues/Problems
Proximate Causes
Root Causes
Baseline Course of Actions
Alternative Course of Actions
Degradation of the coastal and
Unsustainable watershed or upland
Inadequate policies and legal
Regulatory control on waste
Ratify and implement pollution related
marine environment due to
activities; Sedimentation; High
framework on watershed or upland
discharge; some pollution
international conventions (e.g., London,
marine pollution from land-
profits; Inadequate regulations
management; Deforestation and loss
monitoring activities;
Basel) including the provisions of the
based activities.
and/or weak enforcement and
of vegetation cover due to logging
Most countries have EIA
Washington Conference on Global
compliance of existing regulations;
and agriculture; High consumption
requirements;
Programme of Action for the Protection
Absence of integrated water and
rate, especially for forestry products;
Some ratified international
of the Marine Environment from Land-
land use zone plan;
Inadequate or poor institutional
conventions;
Based Activities; Implement national
Unregulated discharge of waste;
capacity and arrangements in the
Establish waste treatment
Agenda 21 programs; Implement
Coastal mining, reclamation and
management of the coastal and
facilities.
integrated waste management
development.
marine environment;
program; Adopt Integrated
Ineffective land use zone plan;
Environmental Impact Assessment;
Population growth; Low public
Strengthen information management
awareness; Discharge of untreated
system; Enhance public awareness;
waste;
strengthen institutional capacity and
Emission of toxic and persistent
arrangements in ICM including
pollutants.
enforcement; Develop coastal and
marine policy; Promote private sector
investment and public -private sector
partnership.
Degradation of the coastal and
Unregulated coastal and marine
Accident oil and chemical spills;
Some countries implement
Ratify and/or implement the marine
marine environment due to
activities;
Discharge of oil and grease from
IMO conventions, especially
pollution-related international
marine pollution from sea-based
Sedimentation due to coastal
normal shipping operations;
MARPOL, CLC, FUND,
conventions (e.g.,UNCLOS, MARPOL,
activities.
mining and development;
Discharge of ballast water;
London Convention, but few
CLC/FUND, OPRC) ;
Deliberate and accidental discharge
Lack of shore reception facilities;
on OPRC;
Strengthen institutional capacity and
of waste, particularly oil and grease;
Non-uniformity in flag state/port
Port State Control not
arrangements in control of navigational
Dumping of waste;
state control, the ratification of
efficiently implemented.
safety such as implementation of
Introduction of alien species.
marine pollution related
marine electronic highway project;
conventions, their implementation,
Promote environment investments;
enforcement and compliance. as well
Increase public awareness and support
as the availability of shore reception
facilities among countries in the East
Asian Region.
Global change (climate and sea
Emission of greenhouse gases;
High consumption rate;
National action programmes
Ratify and/or implement climate
level rise).
Destruction and degradation of
Population growth;
to address sea-level rise have
change convention and regional
ecosystems;
Spatial and economic
yet to be developed;
agreements;
Intensification of agriculture and
marginalization of more than 50% of
Some studies and estimation of
Enhance public awareness on the
expansion of settlements.
the population in the developing
the impacts of sea level rise
impacts of sea level rise on the coastal
countries;
undertaken but no strategic
and marine environment;
Low public awareness;
proactive response.
Strengthen institutional capacity and
Inconsistencies in the
arrangements in ICM; Coastal policy to
implementation of national policies
include response to sea level rise.
on sustainable development at the
local level.

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B ­ 14
Annex 6.(Continued)
Issues/Problems
Proximate Causes
Root Causes
Baseline Course of Actions
Alternative Course of Actions
Low institutional capacity in the
Inadequate and/or inefficient
Absence or inadequate policies and
Existing skills are for
Improve national programs on
management of the coastal and
manpower resources, facilities and
legal framework on the management
conventional sectoral
education, especially related to
marine environment.
funding for institutions or agencies
of the coastal and marine
management primarily focus
environmental sciences at all levels;
mandated to manage the coastal
environment and its resources;
on command and control
Strengthen institutional capacity and
and marine environment and/or its
Absence of an integrated water and
measures;
arrangements in ICM through
resources at national and local
land use zone plan, especially at the
Specialized skills on specific
demonstration projects; Strengthen
levels.
local level;
technology available at central
local government in coastal planning
Low awareness among political
level;
and management.
leaders as well as political regime
Existing institutions generate
bias;
specialized skills for resource
Lack of sustainable financing
exploitation and use but not on
mechanisms.
resource management;
Some institutions begin to
undertake ICM training
programs.
Inadequate and inefficient
Inadequate and/or inefficient
Absence or inadequate policies and
Sectoral resource management
Adopt integrated management
enforcement and compliance of
manpower resources, facilities and
legal framework on the management
continue despite limited
approach to increase law enforcement;
legal instruments in the
funding for institutions or agencies
of the coastal and marine
effectiveness;
Involve law enforcement agencies in
management of coastal and
mandated to manage the coastal
environment and its resources;
Implement regulations;
environmental management
marine environment.
and marine environment and/or its
Absence of an integrated water and
Public awareness programme.
programme especially at local level;
resources at national and local
land use zone plan, especially at the
Apply public pressure to increase
levels;
local level;
enforcement of environment legislation;
Absence of or inadequate legal
Absence of or inefficient operational
Develop incentives through
instruments and implementation
procedure and protocol in the
management program.
mechanisms pertaining to the
management and protection of the
management and protection of the
coastal and marine environment;
coastal and marine environment
Inadequate or poor institutional
and its resources.
arrangements;
Low awareness among political
leadership as well as political regime
bias;
Lack of sustainable financing
mechanisms.

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B ­ 15
Annex 6.(Continued)
Absence of or inadequate legal
Vague and/or inadequate
Low awareness among political
Implement national and local
Develop sustainable development and
instruments pertaining to the
regulations pertaining to the use of
leadership on the coastal and marine
legislation related to sectoral
marine environmental protection policy
sustainable development of the
coastal and marine resources;
environment and principles of
development;
and legislation at national and local
coastal and marine resources.
Sectoral bias on the use,
sustainable development;
Some countries have
level; Develop national legislation for
management and protection of the
Environmental courses among
developed national legislation
ratifying international conventions;
coastal and marine resources.
educational systems are limited and
for implementation of
Harmonize legislation and policies.
not considered as basic subjects
international conventions.
comparable to mathematics,
grammar and writing;
Inadequate institutional capacity on
the legal aspects of environmental
management and protection.
Absence of or inefficient
Vague and/or inadequate
Low awareness among political
Environmental management
Develop and implement coastal and
institutional arrangements
regulations pertaining to the use of
leadership on the coastal and marine
issues continued to be
marine policy; Implement ICM
among agencies mandated to
coastal and marine resources;
environment and principles of
addressed at central
programs at local level; Promote
manage and protect the coastal
No clear operational mechanisms
sustainable development;
government level; Sectoral
interagency cooperation through joint
and marine environment.
pertaining to multi-sectoral
Inadequate institutional capacity on
management will continue but
management actions in conflicts
approach to managing and
the legal aspects of environmental
with greater possibility for
resolution; Develop environmental
protecting the coastal and marine
management and protection;
interagency cooperation;
advocacy.
environment;
Absence of or ineffective integrated
Government continues to use
Traditional governance patterns.
management mechanisms for the
existing sectoral management
coastal and marine environment;
mechanism.
Lack of sustainable financing
mechanisms.

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B ­ 16
Annex 6 (Continued)
Issues/Problems
Proximate Causes
Root Causes
Baseline Course of Actions
Alternative Course of Actions
Dissonance between national
National economic priorities often
Policy and decision makers at the
Concerned central government
National coastal / marine policy shall
policies on sustainable
have inadequate or vague policies
national level are generally unaware
agencies continue to play a
address national priority;
development and
on environmental protection,
of the economic, social and
dominant role in coastal and
Strengthen institutional capacity and
environmental protection at the
especially pertaining to high
environmental conditions at the local
marine environmental
arrangements in ICM including
local level.
investment projects;
level;
management; Some devolve
enforcement at national and local levels;
Operational aspects of national
Low environmental awareness
environmental management
Local government empowerment
economic policies often override
among political leadership and
functions to local authority;
through legislation, especially on
environmental protection programs
policymakers;
Marine environment continues
matters of the environment and natural
and plans at the local level.
Lack of local government
to be addressed separately by
resources;
empowerment;
various sectoral activities.
Enhance awareness on integrative
Inadequate local capacity on
planning and management approaches
environmental protection and
in addressing environmental and
management.
sustainable development problems.
Lack of alternative economic
Valuing the environment, its goods
Absence or improper valuation of
Conventional sectoral
Enhance awareness on integrative
paradigm in the sustainable use
and services is an emergent field
environmental goods and services in
planning and management of
planning and management approaches
of coastal and marine resources.
during the last 2 decades;
investment decisions;
coastal and marine resources;
in addressing environmental and
High profits under existing systems.
Traditional practices.
Some countries, such as the
sustainable development problems by
Philippines, begin to use
considering trades offs; Undertake
environmental accounting in
resource valuation and environment
national economic planning
accounting.
and development programs.
Low public awareness on
Environmental sciences are not an
Low awareness among political
Enhance public awareness on
Enhance awareness on integrative
environmental management and
integral part of primary and middle
leadership on the coastal and marine
the importance of the coastal
planning and management approaches
protection.
school curricula;
environment and principles of
and marine environment.
in addressing environmental and
Low emphasis on environmental
sustainable development;
sustainable development problems;
subjects among current educational
Environmental courses among
Strengthen collaboration with NGOs,
systems.
educational systems are limited and
religious groups and environmental
not considered as basic subjects
jounalists; involving local authority in
comparable to mathematics,
environmental management; Promote
grammar and writing;
participation of all stakeholders
Inadequate capacity for most existing
educational institutions on
environmental management and
protection.
Lack of regional cooperation in
Countries are preoccupied with
Inadequacies in national policy and
Ratify environment related
Regional mechanism to strengthen the
addressing
transboundary
national environmental problems;
national legislation for addressing
international conventions;
effectiveness of international
issues.
Low priority of national
transboundary environmental
Participate in regional
conventions implementation; Mobilize
governments.
problems;
programs.
external resources to address
Lack of regional program to
transboundary issues; Develop regional
holistically address subregional sea's
capacity to collectively prevent and
problems.
manage the coastal and marine
environment.

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B ­ 17
Annex 7. The East Asian Seas: Environmental Challenges of the 21st Century
1.
The East Asian Seas: Economic Growth and Environmental Challenges ( T.E.Chua)
Part One:
State of the Marine Environment of the East Asian Seas
2.
Marine Pollution ( G. Jacinto)
3.
Marine Biodiversity (Chou Loke Ming)
4.
Sea Level Rise ( K. Hotta )
5.
Red tides and fish kills ( Patsy Wong)
Part Two:
Pollution Hot Spots
6.
Bohai Sea (Fan Zhijie)
7.
Manila Bay (Gil Jacinto)
8.
Jakarta Bay (R. Dahuri)
9.
Masan Chinhae Bay (Jiyhun Lee)
10.
Gulf of Thailand (Voravit Cheevaporn)
11.
Malacca Straits (A. Ross, and T.E. Chua)
12.
Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong (Kathie Kueh)
Part Three:
Environmental Challenges
13.
Shipping Traffics and Marine Trades (Chia L.S)
14.
Coastal Tourism (Wong P.P)
15.
Fisheries Resources and Food Security (Veravat Hongskul)
16.
Waste generation and management (A. Ross)
17.
Coastal and Marine Development (Huming Yu)
Part Four:
National and Regional Environmental Management Initiatives
18.
Review of national initiatives in coastal and marine environment management in
the East Asian Seas region.(Mario de la Reyes and T.E. Chua)
19.
Review of regional and international initiatives in integrated coastal
management and marine environmental and resource management (Mario de la
Reyes and T. E. Chua)
Part Five:
Fixing the Environmental Problems
20.
Risk assessment and risk management (P. Calow)
21.
Pollution monitoring (G. Jacinto)
22.
Integrated Management of the Coastal Areas and the Large Marine Ecosystem
(T.E. Chua and Ken Sherman)
23.
Public sector and private sector partnership (Beckman and A. Ross)
24.
International conventions and protocols ( B. Beckman)
25.
Environmental Advocacy and roles of ngos( S. Timpson)
Note: This document is scheduled to be published in 1998

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B ­ 18
Annex 8. Pollution Prevention and Management in the
East Asian Seas: A Paradigm Shift in Concept, Approach and Methodology
GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme for the Prevention and
Management of Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas
1997
Table of Contents
Message from the Regional Programme Manager
v
1
Programme Overview
1
Introduction
1
Regional Programme Benefits
3
Programme Management and Administration
4
Mobilization of Resources
5
2
Preventing and Managing Marine Pollution
in the East Asian Seas: A Paradigm Shift
6
3
Laying the Foundation for Change
8
Reducing and Avoiding Pollution Impacts
of Economic Development
8
Consolidation of the ICM Framework
9
Pollution Risk Assessment/Risk Management:
A management tool for subregional seas
15
International Conventions: A report card on awareness building
17
North-South and South-South Cooperation
19
4
Groundtruthing Mechanisms and
Instruments for Change
20
Capacity Building
20
Reducing or Avoiding Pollution Risk
26
Pollution Monitoring
31
Partnerships at Work
35
5
Beyond 1997
41
6
Financial Commitments of the Regional Programme
for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution
in the East Asian Seas
43
Annex
44

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B - 19
Annex 9. Identification of Project Activities for GEF Interventions Based on the Outputs and Limitations of the Pilot Phase Project
GEF Pilot Project
Achievements
Limitations
Proposed Actions in New Project
Activities
1. Develop ICM
ICM framework process verified ICM framework was applied to marine
ICM framework needs to be applied to sustainable
application for marine
under two different political and
pollution issues and needs to cover sustainable
coastal tourism, fisheries/aquaculture, port and
pollution
economic systems
coastal tourism. fisheries, port and harbor,
harbor, marine pollution, habitat protection, multiple
Pilot sites operationalized
among others
use conflicts and sea-level rise
(Batangas Bay Region,
Pilot sites in two countries out of the 11
Need to establish national demonstration and parallel
Philippines and Xiamen, China)
participating countries
sites in participating countries
A regional ICM training
Time constraint to cover more sites
Conduct regional/national training on fast-track ICM,
program conducted annually on
Capacity transfer was limited, especially ICM
IEIA, Port State control, damage assessment, project
a regular basis in the
training programs at national and local levels
development and management, OPRC and risk
Philippines, Xiamen and
due to time and resources constraints
assessment
Singapore
National and regional sustainability of ICM
Formulate new partnerships such as Private-Public
initiatives need to be ensured
Sectors Partnerships in environmental facilities and
services including information management systems
2. Risk
Methodology on regional risk
Time constraints in verification of the developed Building planning and management capacity
assessment/risk
assessment developed using
methodology, in building consensus among
Promote policy options
management in the
information from the Malacca
scientists and in the implementation of project
Formulate new partnerships such as Private-Public
Malacca Straits
Straits Environmental Profile
activities in general
Sectors Partnerships in environmental facilities and
and subsequently verified with
Political acceptance and awareness were limited
services including information management systems
updated information
to a number of government agencies in the three
Promote and facilitate environmental investment in
Consensus achieved among
littoral States
facilities and information services
scientists of the three littoral
Capacity transfer within the littoral States of the
Catalyze cooperative monitoring and enforcement of
States on regional risk
systems and methodology developed by the
actions for subregional seas
assessment methodology
project was limited due to time and resources
Link risk management options with economic
including resource valuation
constraints
instruments
and benefit cost appraisal
Cooperative mechanisms on marine pollution
Operating instruments
risk assessment and risk management among
established such as GIS,
countries are not well developed
management atlas and database
There is obvious international reaction to the
Packaged lessons learned from
project because part of the Malacca Straits is
risk assessment/management of
international waters but so far, there is minimal
subregional seas such the
awareness and reaction on the activities of the
Malacca Straits
project by other countries using the Straits
Very limited involvement of the private sector
in the activities of the project, except in marine
electronic highway

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B - 20
Annex 9 (Continued)
GEF Pilot Project Activities
Achievements
Limitations
Proposed Actions in New Project
3. Marine pollution monitoring
ICM management-oriented
Not enough time to expand the
Expand building planning and
and information management
monitoring programmes
monitoring activities to cover all 11
management capacity activities and
established
participating countries
link up with ICM sites
Established a regional marine
Network established but its
Formulate new partnerships such as
pollution monitoring network in
effectiveness needs to be verified at
Private-Public Sectors Partnerships in
participating countries including
the national and regional levels
environmental facilities and services
the ICM sites
Communication among countries
including information management
laboratories for marine pollution
participating in the network is not
systems
monitoring were equipped
very efficient and effective
Established and strengthen NGOs,
(Batangas, Philippines - 1, Vietnam
Not many relevant agencies and
CBO participation in marine
- 2, DPR Korea - 1 and Cambodia -
research institutions are aware of the
environmental management and
1)
regional network
advocacy
In-service (hands-on) training
There was limited sharing of
Establish sustainable integrated
conducted in Vietnam and
information among network
information management mechanism
Cambodia on field measurements
members, particularly monitoring
in all network members
and sampling techniques
data
Monitoring program is science
focused and needs to oriented
towards addressing management
issues
4. International conventions
About 30 ratifications/accessions
Not enough time and resources to
Conduct capacity building through
Regional network of legal advisors
expand network and its membership
regional network
established
to cover all participating countries
Formulate national policy options
Model legal instruments and
and of different political regimes and
Catalyze monitoring and compliance
training tools developed
sociocultural characteristics.
networking
Legal information database
Verification of the effectiveness and
Draft
established
linkages of the network at the
regional/protocol/declaration/conven
regional, national and local levels
tion
Limited transfer of experiences and
outputs
Limited sharing of information
among members
Lack of capacity for some
participating countries

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B - 21
Annex 9 (Continued)
GEF Pilot Project Activities
Achievements
Limitations
Proposed Actions in New Project
5. Sustainable financing
Methodologies and mechanisms
Case studies generated were limited
Build issues coverage and related
on sustainable financing were
in geographical scope (Batangas and
investment opportunities
developed, especially for two ICM
Xiamen) and political coverage (type
Implement capacity building for public
demonstration sites (Batangas and
of governments) as well as in time
and private sectors
Xiamen)
and resources
Expand geo-political coverage to local,
Public-private sector partnerships
Political will at the local level with
national and regional levels
established, especially in waste
respect to entry of environment-
Establish working examples of
management
related investment through public-
partnership
Verification of local government
private sector partnerships is not
mechanisms for financing projects,
strong
especially on waste management
Public sector capacity to attract
and shore reception facilities
investors is very limited
Investment opportunities for
Lack of capacities among SMEs at the
environment-related projects
local level to engage in public-private
confirmed
sector partnerships on environment-
related investments
Issues covered, especially the case
studies were limited due to time and
resources constraints

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B - 22
Annex 10. Public Involvement Plan Summary
Categories of stakeholders who will be involved in the project include the national and
local governments in the participating countries, the private sector, the scientific community,
nongovernment organizations, environmental advocacy groups and people's organizations.
The specific involvement of stakeholders throughout the project is given below.
STAKEHOLDER
INVOLVEMENT
National governments
Consultation, implementation, steering committees,
international conventions, policy, legislation,
investment, capacity building, public-private
partnerships
Local governments
Consultation, implementation, coastal management,
capacity building, investment, public-private sector
partnerships, national steering committees
Private sector
Consultation, technology and financial investment,
ISO certification, public-private partnerships, steering
committees
Scientific community
Consultation, research, information technology, ICM,
risk assessment, monitoring, training
Nongovernment organizations Consultation, implementation, public awareness,
steering committees, training
Community-based
Consultation, ICM. Monitoring, training, community
organizations, youth and
mobilization
women
Environmental advocacy
Workshop, training, seminars, public awareness
group
People's organization
Community mobilization, habitat protection
Since the purpose of the project is to build partnerships, relevant stakeholders will need to
be integrated into the project formulation and implementation activities as early as possible. The
idea is to identify and develop the role and specific contribution to be made by each interest group
within the project framework. Establishment of indicators of success and sustainability follows,
and these may be either generic, (i.e., for application at a variety of sites or circumstances within
the region), or exclusive, (i.e., for use at a specific site or situation), depending on the level of
activity and the stakeholder's interest and capacity.
The ICM framework developed and demonstrated during the GEF pilot phase has proven
to be a most effective mechanism for establishing and institutionalizing stakeholder participation.
Indicators of success and sustainability span a broad range of markers as the ICM program
matures. Some generic examples are highlighted below.
The participatory approach is the guiding principle to ensure transparency in the planning
and execution of project activities. The stakeholders are the direct beneficiaries of the project. The
replication of the working models for management of the coastal and marine areas through these
stakeholders is the final measure of success, and will have far reaching impacts on the coastal

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B - 23
populations whose livelihoods and aspirations in life are inextricably linked with the seas of East
Asia. A large part of the coastal populations is comprised of women and children and any
environmental improvement will have a positive impact on their health and security. At the same
time, benefits will be extended to coastal communities, a major segment of which includes the poor
who are dependent on the marine resources for food and employment.
LEVEL
STEP
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
I. Problem
1
environmental profile prepared, environmental and
Identification and
management problems identified and prioritised;
Program
management boundary finalised.
Formulation
2
program planning undertaken, stakeholders consulted
3
primary data related to program formulation gathered
4
public awareness created
5
strategic management plan formulated and adopted
6
issue or special area plan developed and adopted
II Program
1
interagency, intersectoral council/ committee/ group
Implementation
established
2
co-ordinating agency/ office for program
implementation identified/ established
3
prioritised agenda for management actions undertaken
4
financial mechanism for program implementation
established
5
environmental monitoring mechanism established and
operational
6
concerned ordinance/legislation developed and
approved
7.
law enforcement mechanism established
8.
program monitoring and evaluation protocols
implemented
III. Program
1
perception and attitude changes amongst stakeholders
sustainability
detected
2
major stakeholders participated in program
implementation
3
human and financial resources by government and
stakeholders for continuation of program committed
4.
continue implementation of prioritised agenda of the
action plan
5
modification and refinement of program activities
undertaken

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B - 24
IV. Program
1
environmental quality shows sign of improvement
impacts
2
interagency conflicts reduced or resolved
3
use conflicts minimised or resolved
4
evidence of ecological improvement
5
evidence of socioeconomic benefits

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B - 25
Annex 11. Opportunities for Indigenous and Emerging Technologies
The seven tasks outlined in the project document provide a unique framework for the
advancement and application of indigenous and newly developing technologies, procedures and
processes in environmental management. Indigenous and emerging technologies can play a critical
role in the development of environmental programs in the East Asian Region. However, with few
exceptions, countries in the region have not developed a "technological culture", that is they have
not developed a strategic plan identifying why and how technologies can be developed, accessed
and applied to the betterment of their environment and society in general. By building emerging
technologies into an environmental management framework as proposed, and applying that
framework in a variety of operational situations, the resulting benefits and constraints may be
determined on local, national and regional scales, while providing hands-on experience to the
actual practitioners.
In the past, the promotion and utilization of emerging technologies has been very much
piecemeal and short term, with access to and utilization of emerging technologies being more a
reflection of the particular initiative of an ODA or international program, rather than a clear
expression of need or benefit derived to local and national entities in developing regions. The
following table identifies some of the potential opportunities that may be available to develop,
demonstrate and verify indigenous and emerging technologies over the course of the project.
Obviously, the listing of specific technologies is limited at this point in time, and will further
depend on capabilities and constraints at selected sites and within national jurisdictions.
The identified technologies and processes cover a range of applications and users. Each
component of the proposed project has been evaluated with a view to the potential requirements
and possible advantages of employing newly developing technology. For instance, the application
of newly developing technology for information management and transfer has positive effects on
all components of the proposed project. The benefits to be derived from an electronic information
highway vary on the basis of user needs, and range from fast-tracking the development and
implementation of ICM sites, to enhancing the cost-effectiveness of environmental impact
assessments (EIA), to ensuring the reliability and accuracy of information being transferred to
decision-makers and the general public.
Overall, the proposed project provides a stimulating environment for developing and
verifying indigenous and emerging technologies where they are most needed and have the
greatest impact, in the hands of local users.

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B - 26
Opportunities for Indigenous and Emerging Technologies in Environmental Management
Component 1:
Component 2:
Component 3:
Component 4:
Component 5:
Component 6:
Component 7:
Building capacity to manage coastal areas and
Increasing environmental
Advancing
Establishing
Enhancing
Facilitating
Supporting a
sub-regional seas
investments
scientific
integrated
NGO, CBO,
national
sustainable
inputs
information
etc
coastal
regional
management
collaboration
policies and
mechanism
systems
programmes
National
Environment risk
Upgrading
Public-
Packaging
ICM demo
assessment
technical
private
project
sites
subregional
skills
partnerships
proposals
Technologies/Processes
seas/LMEs
1. GIS
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
2.. Remote sensing
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
3. Physical, chemical and
U
U
U
U
U
U
biological modelling
4. Economic modelling
U
U
U
U
U
5. Expert systems
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
6. Data processing and
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
management
7. Monitoring and analytical
U
U
U
U
U
devices (physical/chemical)
8. Bio-indicators
U
U
U
U
U
9. Cleaner production
U
U
U
10. Waste reduction, recycling,
U
U
U
U
recovery and reuse
11. Hazardous and non-
U
U
U
U
hazardous waste management
12. Internet/email
U
U
U
13. Electronic navigational
U
U
charts and information
management systems
14. Maritime safety and aids to
U
U
navigation
15. Alternative livelihood
U
U

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B - 28
At the 4th Programme Steering Committee of the Regional Programme, December 1997, the
governments of the eleven participating countries noted the positive assessment of the Regional
Programme's performance by the Review team, and agreed with the observation that the project
had made significant headway in achieving its objectives. Thereafter, the Meeting unanimously
supported the new GEF proposal, considering that the new initiative provided opportunities to
build on the pilot phase achievements by: a) replicating ICM demonstration sites for various
environmental concerns which were not yet tested in the pilot phase; b) adopting the innovative
approach and methodologies developed during the pilot phase for planning and management of
coastal areas; c) enabling the region to deal with coastal and transboundary problems especially at
the local and subregional levels; and d) strengthening regional commitment through a sustainable
regional mechanism.
These recommendations, and others made by the Review Team, have been considered and
incorporated into the new GEF initiative.
In addition to the UNDP-initiated review, the pilot phase project was one of nine
International Waters projects included in a GEF review in 1997. The results of the review are
contained in the document, "Project Implementation Review 1997", which is available from the GEF
Secretariat. The document highlighted the progress made by the Regional Programme with regard
to effectively engaging the private sector as a partner in controlling and limiting pollution of the
marine environment. It further noted that the incentive provided by the project within the ICM
framework was the opportunity for direct involvement by the private sector with government
agencies in decision-making on issues that affect them. The Regional Programme's approach to
building partnerships was cited as helping to "... remove unproductive labels and stereotypes that can
cloud communication and understanding between business and government."
The two reviews that the GEF pilot phase project underwent in 1997 resulted in highly
satisfactory ratings from the two review teams. The strategies, procedures and networks that were
developed, implemented and tested during the project form the foundation of the new initiative in
the East Asian Seas Region.

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